Which term describes the belief that mental processes arise from physical matter, especially brain activity?

• A. Materialism
• B. Dualism
• C. Epiphenomenalism
• D. Idealism

Answer: (A)

Materialism is the view that mental processes arise from physical matter, especially brain activity. It treats thoughts, feelings, and perceptions as brain states or as dependent on brain states, so mental phenomena are ultimately physical phenomena. This fits why changes in brain tissue, chemistry, or neural activity reliably alter experiences and cognition—the mind is anchored in the physical brain.

The other positions imagine a non-physical mind (dualism), suggest mental states are mere byproducts without causal power (epiphenomenalism), or claim only mental reality exists (idealism). Among these, materialism best captures the idea that mental processes originate from and are grounded in physical brain matter.